{"topic_id":"FEDIAF_energy_formulas","category":"fediaf","context":"---\ntopic_id: \"FEDIAF_energy_formulas\"\ncategory: \"fediaf\"\ntitle: \"FEDIAF energy formulas\"\nlang: en\nsource_document: \"FEDIAF Statutes / Nutritional Guidelines\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"fediaf\"\n  title: \"FEDIAF energy formulas\"\n  url: \"\"\n  retrieved: \"\"\n  ref: \"\"\n  doc_type: \"official source\"\n  needs_review: true\nauthority_tier: T1\nauthority_tier_basis: \"T1:std-body\"\nauthority_tier_date: 2026-08-04\n---\nFEDIAF 2025 (Annex 7.2) provides a layered set of energy equations rather than a fixed count of formulas: (1) Gross energy (Table VII-5): crude protein 5.7 kcal/g, crude fat 9.4 kcal/g, NFE + crude fibre 4.1 kcal/g (23.8 / 39.3 / 17.1 kJ/g). (2) NRC 2006 predictive equations for prepared pet foods (basis of EN 16967): GE = 5.7 × %CP + 9.4 × %CF + 4.1 × (%NFE + %CFibre); energy digestibility = 91.2 − 1.43 × %CFibre DM (dogs) or 87.9 − 0.88 × %CFibre DM (cats); DE = GE × digestibility/100; ME = DE − 1.04 × %CP (dogs) or DE − 0.77 × %CP (cats) — with a caveat that the equation can underestimate energy density in dog foods above 8% crude fibre with highly fermentable NSP. (3) For products of vegetable or animal origin in their natural state and highly digestible specialty products: dogs ME = 4 × %CP + 9 × %CF + 4 × %NFE; cats ME = 4 × %CP + 8.5 × %CF + 4 × %NFE. (4) The modified Atwater method (3.5 / 8.5 / 3.5 kcal per g of CP / CF / NFE) — reviews (Calvez J et al. 2012a/b) found the NRC equations more accurate than modified Atwater for dry foods, and both moderately accurate for wet foods. (5) Feeding-trial determination (gold standard): ME = DE − energy lost in urine, using correction factors of 1.25 kcal/g digestible protein (dogs) and 0.86 kcal/g (cats) when urine is not collected. Unit conversions assume an energy density of 4.0 kcal (16.7 kJ) ME per g DM — i.e. a reference of 400 kcal/100 g DM — with foods of different density corrected proportionally.\n","sources":["fediaf — FEDIAF energy formulas"],"source":{"authority":"fediaf","title":"FEDIAF energy formulas","url":"https://europeanpetfood.org/nutrition/","retrieved":"","ref":"","doc_type":"official source","source_document":"FEDIAF Statutes / Nutritional Guidelines","verification_file":""},"source_document":"FEDIAF Statutes / Nutritional Guidelines","source_file":"","trust":{"authority_tier":"T1","fidelity":"verbatim","license":null,"display_grade":"A"},"tokens_estimated":139,"generated_at":"2026-07-16","tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}