{"topic_id":"evidence_exotic_pet_bird_clinical","category":"evidence","context":"---\ntopic_id: evidence_exotic_pet_bird_clinical\ncategory: evidence\ntitle: \"Evidence cluster — Pet bird (psittacine) clinical cases (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Europe PMC (Europe PubMed Central) REST search, first-hand peer-reviewed abstracts, pulled 2026-08-01\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_pet_bird_clinical_2026-08-01.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-08-01\ntokens_estimated: 5140\nverification:\n  method: substring_match\n  claims: 3\n  passed: 3\n  date: 2026-08-01\nsource_document: \"Peer-reviewed Pet bird clinical-case literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"Europe PMC\"\n  title: \"Evidence cluster — Pet bird (psittacine) clinical cases (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)\"\n  url: \"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-08-01\"\n  doc_type: \"first-hand abstracts (Europe PMC REST)\"\n  needs_review: false\nlicense: cc_by\nauthority_tier: T2\nauthority_tier_basis: \"T2:oa-repo\"\nauthority_tier_date: 2026-08-04\n---\n\n# Evidence: Pet bird (psittacine) clinical cases\n\nSource: Europe PMC (Europe PubMed Central) REST search — first-hand peer-reviewed abstract records, pulled 2026-08-01.\nQueries covered clinical case reports and case series for psittacine.\nThe cluster returns **3** representative clinical cases with abstracts below. Abstract text is verbatim from source; each case is traceable by PMID.\n\n## Studies\n- **PMID 40995776 (2026, Veterinary pathology)** — Granulomatous arteritis/aortitis associated with &lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium genavense&lt;/i&gt; in a colony of zebra finches (&lt;i&gt;Taeniopygia guttata&lt;/i&gt;).. Abstract (opening): <i>Mycobacterium genavense</i> is a common cause of mycobacteriosis in passerine birds. In a research colony of zebra finches (<i>Taeniopygia guttata</i>), 8 birds were diagnosed with mycobacteriosis. The finches had granulomatous inflammation of the heart and heart-base, most with medial expansion of the great vessels containing foamy macrophages and acid-fast bacilli. Non-cardiac inflammatory lesions associated with acid-fast bacteria were found in 2 birds, and extracardiac bacteria were often in lower quantities. Pan-mycobacterial <i>in situ</i> hybridization detected periaortic bacteria in one bird with similar cardiac lesions that was negative for bacteria via acid-fast staining. <i>Mycobacterium</i> genus PCR and sequencing of pooled fecal samples confirmed the presence of <i>M. genavense</i> within the colony. Heart and great vessel lesions have not been previously recognized as a site of localized infection in passerines. To facilitate diagnosis of mycobacteriosis in zebra finches, routine necropsies should include microscopic examination of the heart base great vessels.\n  Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40995776/\n- **PMID 42192709 (2026, Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland))** — Pet Birds as Potential Reservoirs of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Digestive and Respiratory Infections.. Abstract (opening): <h4>Background/objectives</h4>Pet birds are increasingly recognized as potential reservoirs of zoonotic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, raising concerns within the One Health framework. However, data on bacterial diversity and resistance profiles in clinically affected ornamental birds remain limited.<h4>Methods</h4>This study, conducted over three years (November 2022-March 2026), included 198 pet birds presenting with digestive and respiratory disorders. From these birds, clinical samples were analyzed bacteriologically; resulting isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and antimicrobial susceptibility assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to EUCAST and CLSI guidelines.<h4>Results</h4>Bacterial growth was detected in 87.9% of cases, yielding 249 distinct isolates. Gram-positive cocci predominated (62.3%), led by <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. (33.3%) and <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. (9.6%), while <i>Escherichia coli</i> (9.2%) was the primary Gram-negative species. At the genus level, <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. demonstrated high susceptibility to amikacin (88.5%) but significant resistance to gentamicin (75.6%) and oxytetracycline (63.6%). In contrast, <i>Escherichia</i> spp. isolates were largely resistant, showing only 50% susceptibility to enrofloxacin and 40% to doxycycline, with resistance to tylosin reaching 90%. Overall, 57% of isolates were multidrug-resistant, with <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. contributing most to this burden.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These findings characterize clinically ill pet birds as significant carriers of multidrug-resistant bacteria, highlighting the need for routine diagnostics and improved antimicrobial stewardship in avian medicine.\n  Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42192709/\n- **PMID 41640945 (2025, Frontiers in veterinary science)** — Zoonotic potential of &lt;i&gt;Chlamydia psittaci&lt;/i&gt;-a case report.. Abstract (opening): The causative agent of chlamydiosis/psittacosis, the obligatory intracellular bacterium <i>C. psittaci</i>, infects various species of birds and humans. Infected birds occasionally excrete the pathogen through the respiratory and digestive systems, with nasal/ocular discharge and feces being the main sources of infection for other birds or humans. Humans are most often infected through close contact with positive parrots. In this case report of avian chlamydiosis/psittacosis, samples were taken from a dead cockatiel and two budgerigars, and from a child living in the same household as the birds. In all the samples examined, except the child's serum, <i>C. psittaci</i> was detected by real-time PCR. The phylogenetic analysis of the <i>ompA</i> gene from parrot isolates identified genotype A, confirming that parrots harbored the most virulent genotype of <i>C. psittaci</i>. To prevent the spread of avian chlamydiosis/psittacosis, it is necessary to procure birds from verified sources, monitor the signs of disease in parrots and humans, and strictly adhere to biosecurity measures to prevent further spread of the disease.\n  Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41640945/\n\nSource text: `pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_pet_bird_clinical_2026-08-01.txt` (Europe PMC first-hand abstracts, pulled 2026-08-01).\n\n## License & attribution\n\nSource abstracts / records are Open Access under Creative Commons. Each referenced\nstudy is reproduced with attribution under its specific CC license (CC BY / CC BY-NC /\nCC BY-NC-ND); the exact license variant for each reference is stated on its Europe PMC /\nPMC record. Original records:\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40995776/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42192709/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41640945/\n\n## Cleaning removal log (2026-08-05, codebuddy)\nPMID 42338934 — human Chlamydia psittaci spherical pneumonia case, not pet bird\nPMID 41810234 — human child Cryptococcus case with parrot exposure, not pet bird\nPMID 41919237 — human pregnant woman Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia case, not pet bird\nPMID 42255501 — human psittacosis epidemiology scoping review, not pet bird\nPMID 41783864 — human pediatric poultry-meat allergy (egg-bird syndrome), not pet bird\nPMID 41922412 — wild birds/wildlife/livestock Pseudomonas aeruginosa reservoir study, not pet birds\nPMID 41766230 — human kidney-transplant recipient adenovirus case, not pet bird\nPMID 41727454 — human MELAS cerebral vasodilation case, not pet bird\nPMID 41859052 — human Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia multicenter study (186 patients), not pet bird\n","sources":["Europe PMC — Evidence cluster — Pet bird (psittacine) clinical cases (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC) (retrieved 2026-08-01)"],"source":{"authority":"Europe PMC","title":"Evidence cluster — Pet bird (psittacine) clinical cases (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40995776/","retrieved":"2026-08-01","ref":"PMID 40995776","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Peer-reviewed Pet bird clinical-case literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)","verification_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_pet_bird_clinical_2026-08-01.txt"},"source_document":"Peer-reviewed Pet bird clinical-case literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)","source_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_pet_bird_clinical_2026-08-01.txt","trust":{"authority_tier":"T2","fidelity":"verbatim","license":"cc_by","display_grade":"A"},"tokens_estimated":600,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}