{"topic_id":"evidence_exotic_pet_bird_nutrition","category":"evidence","context":"---\ntopic_id: evidence_exotic_pet_bird_nutrition\ncategory: evidence\ntitle: \"Evidence cluster — Pet bird (psittacine) nutrition (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Europe PMC (Europe PubMed Central) REST search, first-hand peer-reviewed abstracts, pulled 2026-08-01\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_pet_bird_nutrition_2026-08-01.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-08-01\ntokens_estimated: 4634\nverification:\n  method: substring_match\n  claims: 11\n  passed: 11\n  date: 2026-08-01\nsource_document: \"Peer-reviewed Pet bird nutrition literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"Europe PMC\"\n  title: \"Evidence cluster — Pet bird (psittacine) nutrition (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)\"\n  url: \"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-08-01\"\n  doc_type: \"first-hand abstracts (Europe PMC REST)\"\n  needs_review: false\nlicense: cc_by\nauthority_tier: T2\nauthority_tier_basis: \"T2:oa-repo\"\nauthority_tier_date: 2026-08-04\n---\n\n# Evidence: Pet bird (psittacine) nutrition\n\nSource: Europe PMC (Europe PubMed Central) REST search — first-hand peer-reviewed abstract records, pulled 2026-08-01.\nQueries covered nutrient requirements, diet formulation, supplementation and deficiency for psittacine.\nThe cluster returns **4** representative nutrition studies with abstracts below. Abstract text is verbatim from source; each study is traceable by PMID.\n\n## Studies\n- **PMID 42255501 (2026, Science in One Health)** — The re-emergence of psittacosis in China: a scoping review of epidemiology, diagnostics, and One Health priorities.. Abstract (opening): Psittacosis caused by <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i> has re-emerged in China as sporadic cases and localized outbreaks. However, current knowledge remains fragmented across the clinical, veterinary, epidemiological, and public health fields. This scoping review mapped studies on psittacosis in China, identified major knowledge gaps, and defined priorities for research, clinical management, and prevention and control. Following the Arksey and O'Malley framework and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for studies published between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 2025 and synthesized eligible studies with descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. A total of 424 studies were included. Research interest showed recent sharp increases and was concentrated in Eastern and Central China. Case reports and series dominated the literature, whereas analytic epidemiology, standardized surveillance, and high-resolution molecular studies remained limited. Reported cases were most often documented in middle-aged and older adults with avian exposure, including pet birds and poultry, and the reported occurrence showed a winter-spring pattern. Pneumonia was the predominant clinical presentation, and severe cases could progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ dysfunction. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was the most frequently reported diagnostic method in recent studies, while PCR and serology remained important complementary tools. Overall, the literature is growing rapidly, but remains uneven in geographic coverage, study design, and integration across human, animal, and environmental sectors. These findings support broader One Health surveillance, stronger analytic and molecular epidemiology, and more standardized approaches to diagnosis, source investigation, and prevention in China.\n  Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42255501/\n- **PMID 41745979 (2026, Veterinary sciences)** — Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiomes in Fourteen Parrot Species.. Abstract (opening): Although the gut microbiome constitutes a key component of vertebrate physiology, comparative baseline data for companion birds, particularly parrots, remain limited. Therefore, this study profiled the fecal gut microbiota of 31 privately owned companion parrots representing 14 psittacine species maintained in indoor household environments for >6 months. Amplicons targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced, denoised into amplicon sequence variants using QIIME 2 with DADA2, and taxonomically assigned against the SILVA v132 database. Community composition was broadly dominated by <i>Firmicutes</i> and <i>Proteobacteria</i>, with recurrent detection of <i>Lactobacillus</i> across most samples, consistent with a potential core component of the gut microbiome of captive parrots. Taken together, this study provides an exploratory comparative snapshot of fecal gut microbiota across diverse companion parrot species and establishes baseline reference data for future research linking diet, husbandry practices, and health to microbiome variation, including longitudinal and wild-captive comparative investigations.\n  Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41745979/\n- **PMID 41745965 (2026, Veterinary sciences)** — Avian Candidiasis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Control.. Abstract (opening): This review is a comprehensive investigation of avian candidiasis, mainly caused by <i>Candida albicans</i>, although the prevalence of non-albicans <i>Candida</i> species has increased in domestic and wild birds. Avian candidiasis causes significant economic losses in poultry production through increased mortality, cost of treatments, and reduced growth rates, particularly in young birds and intensive farming operations. The pathogenesis section provides a description of the molecular virulence factors such as adhesin-mediated attachment (ALS, Agglutinin-Like Sequence family; HWP1, Hyphal Wall Protein 1), yeast-to-hypha morphogenesis, tissue damage by Candidalysin, biofilm formation on mucosal and abiotic surfaces, and secreted hydrolytic enzymes including secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) and phospholipases. The identified predisposing factors include immunosuppression, malnutrition, abuse of antibiotics, bad husbandry, and crop stasis. The diagnostic methods discussed encompass cytological analysis and fungal culture on selective media to more sophisticated methods of molecular analysis (PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, and NGS). Antifungal susceptibility investigations indicate that nystatin and amphotericin B are still very effective against most avian isolates and that resistance to the azoles is on the rise, especially with respect to the non-albicans <i>Candida</i> species. Nystatin is still the first-line treatment of localized infections; azoles are still used for resistant or systemic infections despite their hepatotoxicity. Sanitation, proper nutrition, and proper use of antimicrobials are essential to prevent diseases. The knowledge gaps comprise the absence of avian-specific pharmacokinetic information, poor knowledge of species-species virulence phenotypes, and the lack of point-of-care diagnostics. The need to have integrated One Health surveillance systems is emphasized by the zoonotic potential of the avian <i>Candida</i> reservoirs.\n  Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41745965/\n- **PMID 42147779 (2026, Animal welfare (South Mimms, England))** — PsittaWel: A welfare assessment tool for companion parrots.. Abstract (opening): While parrots are popular companion animals, many experience significant welfare challenges, often resulting from not fulfilling their behavioural, environmental, and social needs. To address this issue, we developed a welfare assessment tool designed specifically for companion parrot caregivers. We involved a panel of seven experts with extensive working experience with companion parrots and in animal welfare assessment. Using an iterative process consisting of four online surveys and nine focus group meetings, the expert panel was invited to select relevant welfare indicators, rephrase selected indicators into user-friendly questions, identify missing content, and finally review the wording and structure of the tool. A preliminary version of the tool was then evaluated by four additional anonymous external experts and 69 parrot caregivers for its completeness, clarity and practicality through an online survey. Feedback from this stage was incorporated, and the revised version was subsequently reviewed again by the initial expert panel. The resulting tool, PsittaWel (freely downloadable at: https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/psittawel), consists of 75 questions covering 145 welfare indicators and is divided into eight sections covering key aspects of parrot welfare: general information; physical health; housing and physical activity; provision of enrichment and exploration; nutrition and maintenance behaviours; social and reproductive behaviours; parrot-human interactions; maladaptive and fear-related behaviours. Further research is needed to assess the reliability of the indicators. Nevertheless, PsittaWel is already a valuable tool for caregivers to monitor welfare and identify potential room for improvement, ultimately improving the lives of their companion parrot.\n  Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42147779/\n\nSource text: `pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_pet_bird_nutrition_2026-08-01.txt` (Europe PMC first-hand abstracts, pulled 2026-08-01).\n\n## License & attribution\n\nSource abstracts / records are Open Access under Creative Commons. Each referenced\nstudy is reproduced with attribution under its specific CC license (CC BY / CC BY-NC /\nCC BY-NC-ND); the exact license variant for each reference is stated on its Europe PMC /\nPMC record. Original records:\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41981655/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41870074/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42337985/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42255501/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41745979/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41745965/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42181097/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41998070/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42147779/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41301945/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40860922/\n\n## Cleaning removal log (2026-08-05, codebuddy)\nPMID 41783864 — Human pediatric case of egg-bird/poultry-meat allergy (Gal d 5) — subject is a human patient, not a pet bird (rule 1).\nPMID 41981655 — mis-clustered duplicate — kept in evidence_exotic_pet_bird_husbandry_health (removed 2026-08-24, kimi)\nPMID 41870074 — genome announcements (Enterococcus), not pet-bird nutrition (removed 2026-08-24, kimi)\nPMID 42337985 — AMR detection/characterization, not pet-bird nutrition (removed 2026-08-24, kimi)\nPMID 42181097 — poultry production (almond shell fibre, laying pullets), not pet-bird nutrition (removed 2026-08-24, kimi)\nPMID 41998070 — poultry production (synbiotic vs Salmonella, broilers), not pet-bird nutrition (removed 2026-08-24, kimi)\nPMID 41301945 — pet-food-choice review (dog/cat owners), not pet-bird nutrition (removed 2026-08-24, kimi)\nPMID 40860922 — mis-clustered duplicate — kept in evidence_exotic_pet_bird_toxicology (removed 2026-08-24, kimi)\n","sources":["Europe PMC — Evidence cluster — Pet bird (psittacine) nutrition (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC) (retrieved 2026-08-01)"],"source":{"authority":"Europe PMC","title":"Evidence cluster — Pet bird (psittacine) nutrition (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42255501/","retrieved":"2026-08-01","ref":"PMID 42255501","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Peer-reviewed Pet bird nutrition literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)","verification_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_pet_bird_nutrition_2026-08-01.txt"},"source_document":"Peer-reviewed Pet bird nutrition literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)","source_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_pet_bird_nutrition_2026-08-01.txt","trust":{"authority_tier":"T2","fidelity":"verbatim","license":"cc_by","display_grade":"A"},"tokens_estimated":600,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}