{"topic_id":"exotic_fish_gill_disease","category":"exotic-pet-health","context":"---\ntopic_id: exotic_fish_gill_disease\ncategory: exotic-pet-health\ntitle: \"Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Merck Veterinary Manual (merckvetmanual.com) — non-Open-Access; paraphrased derived fact summary per COPYRIGHT_POLICY §3.\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/exotic-health/mvm_fish_management.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-07-28\ntokens_estimated: 0\nverified: true\nverification:\n  method: paraphrase\n  claims: 3\n  passed: 3\n  date: 2026-08-04\nsource_document: \"Merck Veterinary Manual (professional veterinary reference)\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"Merck Veterinary Manual\"\n  title: \"Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes\"\n  url: \"https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-07-28\"\n  ref: \"\"\n  doc_type: \"professional veterinary reference\"\n  needs_review: false\nlicense: paraphrase\ncopyright_note: \"Source Merck Veterinary Manual (merckvetmanual.com) is © Merck & Co., Inc. and not openly licensed; per COPYRIGHT_POLICY §3 all claims are paraphrased derived fact summaries (numbers and proper nouns preserved, sentences rewritten), not verbatim quotations.\"\nauthority_tier: T3\nauthority_tier_basis: \"T3:vet-ref\"\nauthority_tier_date: 2026-08-04\n---\n# Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes\n\nSource: Merck Veterinary Manual (merckvetmanual.com), a copyrighted professional veterinary reference. Per COPYRIGHT_POLICY §3, the points below are paraphrased derived fact summaries: numerical values and proper nouns are preserved from the source, but sentences are rewritten and not quoted verbatim.\n\n## Claims\n\n*[Paraphrased derived summary — non-Open-Access source.]* Divalent ions are excreted mainly by the kidneys, and monovalent ions and nitrogenous wastes via the gills.\n*[Paraphrased derived summary — non-Open-Access source.]* Therefore, kidney or gill lesions can seriously disrupt respiration, excretion, and fluid balance.\n*[Paraphrased derived summary — non-Open-Access source.]* A gill biopsy can be taken, but the fish should be returned to water briefly (30 seconds to 1 minute) before the next procedure.\n","sources":["exotic-pet-health — Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes (retrieved 2026-07-28)"],"source":{"authority":"exotic-pet-health","title":"Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes","url":"https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals","retrieved":"2026-07-28","ref":"","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Merck Veterinary Manual (professional veterinary reference)","verification_file":"pdf-raw/exotic-health/mvm_fish_management.txt"},"source_document":"Merck Veterinary Manual (professional veterinary reference)","source_file":"pdf-raw/exotic-health/mvm_fish_management.txt","trust":{"authority_tier":"T3","fidelity":"paraphrase","license":"paraphrase","display_grade":"B"},"tokens_estimated":328,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}